A synthetic aperture radar broadband signal transceiver device based on double pulses comprises the components of an exciter which is used for generating two broadband low-power RF signal pulses that can realize power amplification and transmission; a receiver which is used for amplifying the natural object echo signals of the two pulses and converting the natural object echo signals to a base band; a data acquisition unit which is used for successively acquiring the base band echo signals of the two pulses according to a time sequence and combining the base band echo signals for obtaining a data set; and a data processing unit which is used for performing pulse compression on the two pulse echo signals included in the data set, performing broadband synthesis and obtaining the pulse compression result of the broadband signal. The invention further provides a synthetic aperture radar broadband signal transceiver method based on the double pulses. The synthetic aperture radar broadband signal transceiver device has advantages of small size, small weight, low sampling rate, small number of sampling points, simple subsequent processing, etc.