The invention discloses an up-flow type anaerobic biological filter for treating acidic waste water containing uranium. The up-flow type anaerobic biological filter comprises a filter body, a water inlet pipe, a water outlet pipe, and a filter layer, wherein an anaerobic environment is provided in the filter body; the water inlet pipe communicates with liquid in the lower part of the filter body, and a water inlet is formed at the communication part and is arranged on one side of a side wall of the filter body; the water outlet pipe communicates with liquid in the upper part of the filter body, a water outlet is formed at the communication part, the water inlet, the water outlet and the interior of the filter body form a water flow path, and the water outlet and the water inlet are arranged on different sides of the side wall of the filter body; the filter layer comprises nano zero-valent iron and sulfate reducing bacteria combined on the nano zero-valent iron, is arranged in the filter body and is positioned on the water flow path to remove uranium in the acidic waste water containing uranium flowing through the filter layer, and the thickness of the filter layer is not less than 2 meters along the direction of the water flow path. According to the up-flow type anaerobic biological filter disclosed by the invention, the nano zero-valent iron is used in combination with relatively strong adsorbing and reducing properties of the sulfate reducing bacteria to adsorptively fix or reduce hexavalent uranium into tetravalent uranium so as to form deposit, thereby achieving an effect of removing uranium.