The invention provides an adaptive smart synchronous high-speed switching device. The amplitude, phase angle and zero-crossing point during short circuit can be calculated through current and voltage parameters when a sampling system is short-circuited. Balanced dynamic control of coil driving magnetic flux during a moving transient process is realized, the opening speed of the switch is adjusted automatically according to the short circuit state to satisfy requirements of different short circuit states on opening time. A Rogowski coil on a vacuum circuit breaker explosion chamber mounting base conducts sampling, monitoring and controlling of a current loop, and smart control and phase-splitting control of the switch and synchronous switching are realized.