The invention relates to the field of environmental remote sensing, and particularly relates to a vegetation information extracting method based on a hyperspectral data sensitive waveband. The method includes steps of (1) collecting vegetation sample data, (2) selecting a vegetation index equation to be improved, (3) calculating correlation coefficients between vegetation index values and chlorophyll values or canopy average chlorophyll values under different wavebands, (4) mapping a curve of correlation coefficients changing with the wavebands, (5) determining the sensitive waveband, (6) improving the vegetation index by utilizing the sensitive waveband, and (7) extracting vegetation information. The method improves vegetation information inversion accuracy, reduces the probability of wrong extraction or leaked extraction of a target, and has important application and popularization value in the fields of quantitative environment pollution monitoring, vegetation growth vigor monitoring, forest mapping, biomass estimation, crop yield estimation, pest and disease monitoring, warning and forecasting, and the like.