The invention discloses traditional Chinese medicine composition for preventing and treating nuclear radiation damage. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is prepared from the following raw materials in parts by weight: 5-20 parts of red peony roots, 10-30 parts of tree peony bark, 10-30 parts of salvia miltiorrhiza, 10-30 parts of gastrodia elata, 5-20 parts of eucommia bark, 15-25 parts of Indian Bread with Pine, 15-40 parts of Chinese angelica, 10-20 parts of ophiopogon japonicus and 10-25 parts of Chinese dates. The traditional Chinese medicine composition can be used for preventing and treating the nuclear radiation damage, and has the effects of improving functions of the hematopoietic system, enhancing immunity, improving the damage caused by side effects of radiation to human bodies, prolonging lifetime and improving quality of life of patients treated with radiotherapy.