The invention relates to lightning impulse response detection system of high-voltage DC power transmission equipment. The lightning impulse response detection system comprises a grounding device which is used for connecting the ground end; a simulation tower which is based on a single-loop tangent tower, a single-loop tension tower, a common-tower double-loop tangent tower or a common-tower double-loop tension tower and stands on the grounding device with the bottom end contacted with the grounding device; a lightning impulse current generator which is connected between the top end of the simulation tower and the grounding device and used for providing lightning impulse current; a current measuring device which is connected between the top end of the simulation tower and the lightning impulse current generator and used for measuring the corresponding current parameters of lightning impulse current generated by the lightning impulse current generator; and a voltage measuring device which is connected between the top end of the simulation tower and the grounding device and used for measuring the voltage parameters of the top end of the simulation tower, wherein the current parameters and the voltage parameters are used for detecting the transient impulse parameters of the single-loop tangent tower, the single-loop tension tower, the common-tower double-loop tangent tower or the common-tower double-loop tension tower corresponding to the simulation tower.