The embodiment of the invention discloses a signal equalization method and device, which is applied to a receiving end of a multi-core multi-mode optical communication system. The method comprises the following steps: extracting a first training sequence set from signals received through each fiber core, wherein each first training sequence set at least comprises one group of training sequences; determining a second training sequence set corresponding to each first training sequence set from a plurality of groups of training sequences pre-stored by the receiving end; determining a transmission matrix for each fiber core according to the corresponding second first training sequence set and the corresponding first training sequence set; carrying out equalization of the signals according to the corresponding transmission matrix; determining a core matrix through the resampling technology according to the signals received through all the fiber cores; and carrying out re-equalization of all the equalized signals according to the core matrix. The method and device provided by the embodiment of the invention has the advantages that the operation quantity in the signal equalization process is reduced, and the equalization efficiency is improved.