The invention belongs to the technical field of UAV and concretely relate to a UAV plant protection management system and method based on the Internet. The invention ais to solve the problem that the management mode of UAV plant protection is too disperse and the unified management is not convenient. For the above purpose, the UAV plant protection management system provided by the invention comprises a ground station system, a flight control system and a cloud network data operation and control platform. The cloud network data operation and control platform comprises a task distribution module used for carrying out task distribution for each UAV plant protection work group based on the positioning information of a plant protection area, a course planning module used for carrying out the course planning of a UAV on the plant protection area according to the landform information of the plant protection area, and a flight monitoring module which is used for monitoring the flight trajectory of the UAV in real time and can store the flight trajectory information and UAV work information. Through establishing a cloud network data operation and control platform, the plant protection work concentration management is realized, and the efficiency of UAV plant protection work is improved.