The invention relates to a transition metal oxide/binary carbon network positive electrode composite material and an aluminum-ion battery. Preparation of the positive electrode composite material comprises the steps of (1) adding a catalyst and a citric acid to water for mixing to obtain a catalyst precursor solution; (2) soaking a transition metal oxide into the catalyst precursor solution and carrying out separating and drying to obtain a transition metal oxide/catalyst precursor composite material; and (3) preparing a transition metal oxide/carbon nanotube composite material through chemical vapor deposition, soaking the transition metal oxide/carbon nanotube composite material into a graphene oxide dispersion liquid, carrying out separating and drying to obtain the transition metal oxide/carbon nanotube/graphene oxide composite material and then carrying out reductive heat treatment to obtain the transition metal oxide/binary carbon network positive electrode composite material. According to the positive electrode composite material provided by the invention, a binary carbon network coats the surface of the transition metal oxide, so that the conductivity and the structure stability of the positive electrode material are improved; the cycle performance of the electrode material is improved; and the transition metal oxide/binary carbon network positive electrode composite material can be applied to preparation of the high-performance aluminum-ion battery.