The invention relates to melamine resin hollow microspheres and a preparation method and application thereof in the field of materials. The particle size range of the melamine resin hollow microspheres is 5-140 (mu)m, and the density is 0.21-1.20 g/cm(3). The preparation method of the melamine resin hollow microspheres comprises the following steps: adjusting the concentration of melamine resin prepolymer to be a certain value; and forming cavities in the melamine resin hollow microspheres by using spray drying equipment and under the combined action of rapid volatilization of an aqueous solution and gas produced by a foaming agent. The melamine resin hollow microspheres are prepared by the method. The method is simple and practicable, the reaction time is short, industrialization is facilitated, the cost is low, and the prepared hollow microspheres are smooth in surface and good in degree of hollowness.