The invention relates to a large-temperature-difference crossed material preheating and precalcining system, which comprises a cyclone preheater system, a calciner system and a feed-end chamber. The cyclone preheater system comprises N stages of cyclone cylinders; the other cyclone cylinders except for the N stage of cyclone cylinder comprise material distribution valves; the first stage to the N-2 stage of cyclone cylinders respectively feed parts of materials in blanking holes through the material distribution valves into the cyclone cylinders in the lower stages, and feed the other parts of materials into cyclones cylinders with higher flue-gas temperature compared with the cyclone cylinders in the lower stages or the calciner system, so that the gas-solid temperature differences in the cyclone cylinders and the calciner system are increased. The invention further relates to a large-temperature-difference crossed material preheating and precalcining method. The raw material heat exchange efficiency is improved, the system waste gas temperature is reduced, and the raw material decomposition rate is improved. The large-temperature-difference crossed material preheating and precalcining system and the large-temperature-difference crossed material preheating and precalcining method provided by the invention are applicable to the establishment of a cement preheating and precalcining system and the improvement of an existing cement preheating and precalcining system, and also can be applied to a powder heat exchange system in the industries of metallurgy, chemical engineering and the like.