The invention discloses a preparation method of a silk fibroin aerogel. The silk fibroin aerogel is prepared from domestic silkworm silks, and a silk fibroin water solution is obtained by conducting degumming, dissolving and dialyzing; and the silk fibroin aerogel is prepared by the following steps: 1) concentrating the silk fibroin water solution by conducting room-temperature air blasting or thinning the silk fibroin water solution with the addition of de-ionized water, so that the concentration of the silk fibroin water solution is regulated to be 15-60mg/ml; 2) keeping the silk fibroin water solution in a container and conducting high-speed shearing on the silk fibroin water solution by virtue of a stirrer for 10-60min, so that a great amount of bubbles are formed and the silk fibroin water solution is converted into bubble-shaped liquid; and 3) freeze-drying the bubble-shaped liquid in a die, so that the silk fibroin aerogel is obtained. The aerogel prepared by the invention is quite low in density, and the aerogel has the advantages of being light in mass, high in specific surface area, good in biocompatibility and the like; the aerogel is especially applicable to such aspects as body liquid adsorption, biological dressings, sustained release of drugs, tissue repair and the like; and the aerogel has a broad prospect when used as a bio-medical material.