The invention provides a biological culture device based on a hemodialyzer. The biological culture device comprises the hemodialyzer, a circulating pump, a swing weighing device, a sample collecting and storing device, a medicine-dosing device and a culture bag. The culture bag comprises a main culture bag and an auxiliary culture bag. The main culture bag is connected with the two ends inside a hemodialyzer main body to form a main circulation loop, and the auxiliary culture bag is connected with the two ends outside the hemodialyzer main body to form an auxiliary circulation loop. The sample collecting and storing device and the medicine-dosing device are connected with a pipe between the main culture bag and the hemodialyzer. The biological culture device is a cell or bacterium culture device which can monitor culture conditions, keep the monitor culture conditions stable, perform automatic liquid adding and sample, can simulate medicine concentration changes and is based on the hemodialyzer.