The invention discloses a characteristic identification method based on compression perception and a system thereof. The identification method is characterized in that in the sampling process of a target image, the characteristic identification is carried out while the compression perception is used to carry out compression calculation. The method comprises the steps of (S1) inputting the target image, and carrying out the selection design of a sampling rate and a measurement matrix according to the target characteristic of the target image, (S2) carrying out sample compression on the target image according to the designed measurement matrix and the sampling rate to obtain a sample signal, (S3) carrying out characteristic identification and image reconstruction according to the sample signal and outputting an identified target characteristic and reconstructed image, using the compression perception principle to carry out signal acquisition, and directly using the collected data to carry out characteristic identification. On one hand, the data amount of signal or image collection is reduced, on the other hand, the speed of characteristic identification is improved, and the specific characteristic identification in the condition of lots of collection signals and images and a large data amount is facilitated.