The invention relates to an aqueous adhesive for a lithium ion battery, and a preparation method and use thereof. The adhesive comprises a modified polyvinyl alcohol dispersant, a (methyl) acrylic monomer, an unsaturated carboxylic acid monomer, a vinyl hydrocarbon monomer and other optional copolymerization monomer copolymers; and a polymer molecular chain of the modified polyvinyl alcohol dispersant comprises any one or a combination of at least two selected from a group consisting of a sulphuric vinyl monomer, a carboxyl vinyl monomer and an amino vinyl monomer. When a copolymer containing modified polyvinyl alcohol is used as the dispersant, the conductive performance of polyvinyl alcohol can be improved; and the aqueous adhesive for the lithium ion battery can be used for the lithium ion battery.