The invention discloses a system for realizing positioning via laser range-finding object marking. The system comprises a marking platform, a marked object is placed on the marking platform, first, second and third range-finding sensors, a signal converter, a computer and a laser marking machine are arranged in the periphery of the marked object, the first, second and third laser range finding sensors are connected with the signal converter, the signal converter is connected with the computer, the computer is connected with the laser marking machine, and a vibrating mirror of the laser marking machine is arranged above the marked object. The invention also discloses a positioning method of the system for realizing positioning via laser range-finding object marking. According to the system and method, cost and time for designing manufacturing clamps/positioning devices are omitted, and positioning is rapid and accurate.