The invention discloses a surface strengthening method for laser shocking of an oxidized graphene coating. The surface strengthening method includes the following steps that graphene, oxidized graphene or a mixture solution of the grapheme and the oxidized graphene are smeared to a material matrix surface needing to be strengthened, and a coating is formed; aluminum foil is arranged on the coating to serve as an absorption layer; optical glass or silica gel is arranged on the absorption layer to serve as a restraint layer; pulse lasers are used for conducting laser shocking scanning on the absorption layer, the lasers penetrate the restraint layer to irradiate the absorption layer, the absorption layer absorbs laser energy to be rapidly gasified, meanwhile, a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure plasma is formed, the plasma rapidly expands to form high-strength shock waves, the shock waves act on the coating, part of the coating is pressed into the material matrix surface layer through the shock waves, and part of the coating tightly acts on and is attached to the material matrix surface layer; and a material matrix obtained after laser shocking is naturally cooled to the room temperature, residues on the material matrix are removed, and the material matrix with the surface well strengthened is obtained.