The invention discloses a rapid supporting device for a salvage operation pit. The rapid supporting device comprises a supporting device, wherein steel sheet piles are arranged at the periphery of the supporting device; a plurality of steel pipes of which the bottom ends are plugged are uniformly arranged on the two sides of the steel sheet piles; and a plurality of steel pipe through holes are formed in the lower parts of the steel pipes. The device disclosed by the invention is simple in structure; an integral structure is supported by a hydraulic cylinder, and the convenient operation, safety and effectiveness are realized; and meanwhile, two sides of the steel sheet piles are grouted with high-pressure water or mud by the steel pipes, so that the speed that the steel sheet piles are driven into the underground can be improved, and precious time is saved for salvage operation.