The invention relates to a test instrument and a test method for measuring asphalt pavement upheaval during inductive heating. The test instrument comprises a left side and a right side, wherein an environmental cabinet is arranged on the left side; a control cabinet is arranged at the top of the right side; an alternating current generator is arranged below the control cabinet; a wind heat temperature control device and a telescopic conductive connecting rod control device are downwardly arranged below the left side of the alternating current generator in sequence; a rail running device, a control system and a laser signal processor are downwardly arranged below the right side of the alternating current generator in sequence; inside the environmental cabinet, an electromagnetic launching device is arranged at the top, rails are arranged on the two side walls, and a test mold for placing a test specimen is arranged at the bottom; both the two rails are provided with scales, one rail is connected with a laser transmitter and the other rail is connected with a laser receiver; altogether, four temperature sensors are arranged on both sides of the two rails; another temperature sensor is arranged on the surface of an asphalt mixture test specimen. Compared with the prior art, the test instrument and the test method have the advantages as follows: operation is simple and convenient, measurement is rapid, and the inductive heating process is easy to control.