The invention discloses an energy-containing material energy release evaluation device and an evaluation method. The device comprises a cylinder. Two ends of the cylinder are both provided with an opening that is communicated with the inner cavity of the cylinder. One of two openings is hermetically connected to a target plate (A), and the other one is sealed. The lateral wall of the cylinder is provided with a glass window for observing the inner cavity of the cylinder. The lateral wall of the cylinder is also provided with a plurality of overpressure sensor installation holes. Each overpressure sensor installation hole is provided with a pressure sensor for detecting the environmental pressure of the inner cavity of the cylinder. A witness plate is arranged in the inner cavity of the cylinder. The witness plate is parallel to the target plate (A). The provided device can simultaneously research the target collision performance and enclosed space reactive performance of an energy-containing material. By destroying the witness plate, testing the pressure in the cylinder, and high speed shooting, the energy release effect (target penetrating performance, bombarding performance, etc.) of the energy-containing material can be tested and evaluated comprehensively.