The invention discloses a rubber ingredient wastewater recycling treatment system and recycling treatment method. The rubber ingredient wastewater recycling treatment system comprises a precipitation-flotation tank, an MVR (mechanical vapor recompression) evaporation system, a resin adsorption/desorption system, a Fenton oxidation system and a discharge tank, wherein each of the precipitation-flotation tank, the MVR evaporation system, the Fenton oxidation system and the discharge tank is provided with an inlet and an outlet; the resin adsorption/desorption system is provided with an inlet, a first outlet and a second outlet; the outlet of the precipitation-flotation tank is connected with the inlet of the MVR evaporation system; the outlet of the MVR evaporation system is connected with the inlet of the resin adsorption/desorption system; and the second outlet of the resin adsorption/desorption system is connected with an inlet of a rectification tower. The recycling treatment system and recycling treatment method disclosed by the invention are simple in technical process, have less energy and chemical consumption, produce no solid waste, can effectively recycle rubber ingredient residual materials, and are low in investment and operating cost.