The invention discloses a rainwater treatment and storage system capable of being applied to sponge cities. A filtering grating is arranged on the top of a drainage ditch, and the lower end of the filtering grating is communicated with an artificial wetland area; the artificial humid area comprises a rainwater retention area and a wetland enclosing wall arranged on the edge of the rainwater retention area, and a permeable geotechnical cloth is arranged on the outer surface of the bottom face of the rainwater retention area; a buffer pool is communicated with a rough filtration pool through a flow guiding pipe, and a drainage pipe communicated with the rainwater retention area is connected to the flow guiding pipe; an overflow pipe connected with a municipal rainwater pipe network is arranged at the upper end of a reservoir, the reservoir comprises an inner side wall and an outer side wall, and a sandwich layer communicated with a water storage cavity of the reservoir is formed between the inner side wall and the outer side wall; multiple drainage holes communicated with the sandwich layer are evenly formed in the outer side wall, and the outer side wall is wrapped in the permeable geotechnical cloth; a control system comprises a control unit, an electromagnetic valve, a turbidity sensor, a liquid level sensor and a humidity sensor, and the humidity sensor, the liquid level sensor and the electromagnetic valve are all connected with the control unit.