The invention relates to the technical field of water treatment. In order to solve the technical problem of the prior art, the invention provides an improved sewage treatment quick carbon separating device which comprises a frame, an annular filter belt, a surge sucking device, a clean water collecting tank and a filter belt cleaning device, wherein the annular filter belt is arranged at the top of the frame; the surge sucking device is arranged at the bottom of an upper belt body of the annular filter belt; the clean water collecting tank is arranged on a web part of the frame; the device is characterized in that a plurality of rollers in the surge sucking device are in the manner of synchronously initiative rotating; a negative pressure water suction tank is arranged at the bottom of the upper belt body of the filter belt; the negative pressure water suction tank is connected with a negative pressure suction device in the improved sewage treatment quick carbon separating device. The present sewage treatment quick carbon separating device is improved, so that the sewage treating efficiency is further increased; the filter belt is more thoroughly cleaned; the suspended solids adhered to the surface of the filter belt can be effectively removed; the filter belt can be prevented from being blocked; the energy consumption is further reduced.