The invention provides a mine transient electromagnetic data acquisition device based on background field feedback. The mine transient electromagnetic data acquisition device comprises a transmitting coil, a receiving coil, a transmitting control module, a receiving control module, a feedback control module and a data recording module. The transmitting coil is used for transmitting current for a time according to a certain cycle so as to generate a primary field, and the receiving coil is used for receiving a superposed field of a background filed and a secondary field generated under the effect of the primary field with an underground medium. The transmitting control module is used for controlling the transmitting coil to stop transmitting for a time after transmitting current for n times. The receiving control module is used for acquiring the secondary field data received by the receiving coil and transmitting the data to the data recording module. The background electromagnetic field can be recorded in real time, the change law of the background field in the data acquisition process can be comprehensively mastered and the secondary field data greatly affected by the background field can be screened so that the data signal-to-noise ratio can be effectively enhanced.