The invention discloses a method for multiple laser cladding of a composite ceramic gradient coating layer on a surface of a niobium alloy. The method comprises the following steps: (1) preparation of a sample matrix: the surface polishing and the drying are performed for the sample matrix; (2) preparation of mixed powder: the mixed powder mainly consists of zirconium oxide powder, yttrium oxide powder and nickel base alloy powder; after the mixed powder is matched according to a corresponding ratio, the mixed powder is put in a ball mill for mixing by 2 h, and is dried and insulated at 100 DEG C by 5 h; (3) parameters of a powder feeder are set; (4) parameters of a laser are set; and (5) the multiple laser cladding is performed on the surface of a C103 niobium alloy wafer. The prepared ZrO2-Ni base composite ceramic gradient coating layer is divided into an isometric crystal-oriented columnar crystal combined layer, a middle dendrite layer and a surface compact ceramic layer; and the coating layer and the matrix are in metallurgic bonding, so that the bonding is excellent, and the hardness of the coating layer is largely increased compared with the matrix and a pure nickel coating layer.