The invention provides a device for laser measurement of material types. The device comprises a laser source, a convex lens, an ultrasonic grating and a receiving screen, wherein the convex lens receives and refracts a laser beam generated by the laser source to form parallel laser light rays, the parallel laser light rays are projected on the surface of a to-be-measured object, and the laser light rays reflected from the surface of the to-be-measured object are projected onto the receiving screen after being diffracted by the ultrasonic grating; the receiving screen receives striped light rays diffracted by the ultrasonic grating and outputs an electrical signal to the outside. Through the device, the material types can be conveniently and quickly judged.