Methods pertaining to encoding and decoding binary identifiers within a cell array are described. A binary identifier received by computing device can be encoded according to an encoding scheme. The cell array can include multiple encoded cells, each of which indicates a predetermined sequence of two or more bits, and which includes a perimeter, and both an alignment mark and a line pattern within the perimeter. The line pattern can be one of an empty-cell line pattern, a pattern including one or more asymmetrical radial vectors, one or more diametrical vectors, a symmetric cross, or a symmetrical star, or some other line pattern. The encoding scheme can define a plurality of cell colors that correspond to a predetermined sequence of two or more bits. The bits corresponding to a cell color can be redundant to bits corresponding to a line pattern for confirming accuracy of decoding a cell.