The invention relates to a collection device and a collection method for glass fiber migration substances in electronic cigarette aerosol. The collection device for the glass fiber migration substances in the electronic cigarette aerosol comprises a container body, wherein the container body is provided with a tobacco tar cavity used for storing tobacco tar or oil storage cotton, the upper cavity wall of the tobacco tar cavity is provided with a smoke outlet; a positive electrode and a negative electrode are arranged at positions, close to the smoke outlet, on the container, the positive electrode and the negative electrode are used for connecting a heating wire of an electronic cigarette; a vent hole is formed in the side wall of the container body, a collection cavity is arranged above the container body, and comprises an upper collection cavity wall and a lower collection cavity wall which are arranged up and down at an interval, a collection cavity gas inlet, corresponding to the smoke outlet in the container, is formed in the lower collection cavity wall, a filter barrel is arranged at the top part of the upper collection cavity wall, a pump-out slot, used for connecting with a pumping device, is formed in the upper part of the filter barrel, filter sheets are arranged between the pump-out slot and the collection cavity in the filter barrel, and filter holes, of which the bore diameter is smaller than the diameter of the glass fiber migration substances, are formed in the filter sheets. The collection device and the collection method are used for collecting the glass fiber migration substances in the electronic cigarette aerosol.