The invention belongs to the technical field of sewing equipment and particularly provides a machine head dustproof structure and a sewing machine. The machine head dustproof structure comprises a case. The head of the case is a small head part, a drive mechanism is arranged in the case, the drive mechanism is connected with a differential tooth brace and an active tooth brace, the outer end, connected with the active tooth brace, of the differential tooth brace stretches out of the side wall of the small head part, differential teeth and cloth feeding teeth are arranged at the outer end of the differential tooth brace and the outer end of the active tooth brace respectively, the cloth feeding teeth and the differential teeth are arranged in a faller groove of a faller, the faller is fixed to a faller frame, the faller frame covers the upper end of the small head part of the case, and the isolation arrangement of the differential teeth, the cloth feeding teeth and the drive mechanism is achieved. The differential teeth and the cloth feeding teeth are moved outwards, the drive mechanism, the differential teeth and the cloth feeding teeth are isolated effectively, it can be effectively avoided that lint, cloth debris, dust and the like generated in the sewing process enter the small head part of the case, the drive mechanism and an oil supply system are protected against contamination, and it is guaranteed that sewing production is carried out in order.