The invention discloses a simulation method for a reservoir scheduling process coupled to sediment erosion and deposition. The simulation method comprises the steps that 1, a reservoir riverway terrain, reservoir flow sediment, a reservoir scheduling mode and other data are collected; 2, a reservoir one-dimensional non-constant flow sediment mathematical model is established; 3, the reservoir water level (or the discharged flow) meeting the requirement of the reservoir scheduling mode is obtained by using a hydrodynamic module in the reservoir one-dimensional non-constant flow sediment mathematical model and adopting the repeated trial calculation method; 4, the calculated reservoir water level (or the discharged flow) serves as the outlet boundary, reservoir area sediment erosion and deposition is calculated, and a new riverway terrain is obtained; and 5, the step 3 and the step 4 are repeatedly conducted on the basis of the new terrain calculated in the step 4 till a calculation cycle is over, and the reservoir scheduling process in the whole calculation cycle is obtained finally. According to the simulation method for the reservoir scheduling process coupled to sediment erosion and deposition, the problem that the reservoir scheduling process is affected by the changing process of reservoir real-time sediment erosion and deposition can be solved, and a technical support can be provided for reservoir scheduling.