The invention relates to a uranium dioxide pellet surface detection device. The surface detection device comprises a feed set, a working turntable set, an end surface detection set, a discharge set and a cylindrical surface detection set, wherein an outlet end of the feed set communicates with an inlet end of the working turntable set; the end surface detection set is positioned on the side part of the working turntable set, and used for carrying out end surface detection on the uranium dioxide pellet and transmitting the detection result; an outlet end of the working turntable set communicates with an inlet end of the discharge set; and the cylindrical surface detection set is positioned above the discharge set, and used for carrying out cylindrical surface detection on the uranium dioxide pellet and transmitting the detection result. The uranium dioxide pellet surface detection device has the advantages of ingenious design, small occupied space, high response speed, high reliability, compact structure and the like, greatly enhances the production efficiency, and can well ensure the uranium dioxide pellet to stably enter the next link.