The invention discloses a user identity authentication method suitable for a transparent computing system and a system configuration method. The user identity authentication method comprises: when a user boots up and logs in, a client transmits a login requesting information to an authentication server, and the authentication server queries a background database, acquires an operating system authority list bootable by the user and transmits the list to the client; the user selects the operating system and invokes a remote loading request to a storage server; and the storage server authenticates a user name and passwords of the client, checks a mirror image configuration file of the operating system of the user after the authentication passes, and judges whether the authentication succeeds according to the IP of the client and mirror image IP settings of an operating system to be booted up. The system configuration method is used for configuring the transparent computing system using the user identity authentication method. According to the user identity authentication method suitable for the transparent computing system and the system configuration method, which are provided by the invention, the authority management of the user is achieved, a plurality of individual services can be provided, and the user experience is perfected.