The invention provides an device and method for measuring a three-dimensional surface shape based on one-dimensional diffractive-free light beams, wherein the device comprises a base, a lighting module, an electric rotary table, an imaging module, a motion controller, a host computer, an object to be measured, a calibration board and a power module. The device and method for measuring a three-dimensional surface shape based on one-dimensional diffractive-free light beams can reduce the influence of laser width on a measurement result.