The invention discloses an assembly type steel-concrete composite combined column structure, and a construction method thereof. The assembly type steel-concrete composite combined column structure comprises a concrete column, a steel-concrete composite segment, and a short steel column; the concrete column is composed of concrete, steel bar, a drilling device, and fining twisted steel bar; the short steel column is composed of fashioned iron, stiffening rib, and a connection plate; the steel-concrete composite segment is composed of shear connectors, concrete, stiffening rib, an anchorage system, steel bar, an end plate, an upper steel flange plate, and a lower steel flange plate; connection of concrete with the steel flanges of the steel-concrete composite segment is realized the shear connectors, so that co-bearing of external force is realized; the stiffening ribs are used for arranging the connection plate at the end part of the short steel column so as to increase the stability of the short steel column. According to the construction method, the advantages of concrete column and the advantages of steel column are combined, and steel and concrete are connected via the steel-concrete composite segment, so that full utilization of the excellent performance of the two materials is realized, mechanical property and construction operation performance of column structures are improved, rapid assembling construction can be adopted in construction of the assembly type steel-concrete composite combined column structure, construction speed is accelerated, construction period is shortened, and great economic benefit is achieved.