The invention relates to the field of combined structures, in particular to a high-strength steel and high-strength grouting material combined ultrahigh-strength column structure and a construction method. The high-strength steel and high-strength grouting material combined ultrahigh-strength column structure comprises a high-strength square steel pipe I, a high-strength round steel pipe I, high-strength I-steel, a high-strength square steel pipe II, a high-strength round steel pipe II and high-strength grouting materials. The overall strength of a combined column can be three times or over the strength of an ordinary steel pipe and concrete combined column. When the high-strength steel and high-strength grouting material combined ultrahigh-strength column structure is applied to high-rise and ultrahigh-rise buildings, the cross sectional area of the ultrahigh-strength column can be decreased to one third or less than that of the ordinary steel pipe and concrete combined column while the design requirement for lateral rigidity is met, and an extremely good building effect can be achieved. The high-strength grouting materials in the ultrahigh-strength combined column has high strength and also has the characteristic of high hardening speed, the construction strength can be achieved in about two hours generally, and thus the construction efficiency is greatly improved.