The invention relates to a YSZ: Re fluorescence lifetime measurement-based temperature measurement system, a test method thereof and the application thereof. The temperature measurement system comprises a signal transmitter, a UV-LED ultraviolet light source electrically connected with the signal transmitter, a temperature measurement probe and a temperature signal processing unit matched with the temperature measurement probe. The temperature signal processing unit comprises an optical filter, a photomultiplier tube detector, a resistance box and an oscilloscope, wherein the resistance box and the oscilloscope are sequentially and electrically connected with the photomultiplier tube detector. The surface of the temperature measurement probe is sprayed with a YSZ: Re fluorescent layer and is respectively connected with the UV-LED ultraviolet light source and the optical filter through optical fibers. The temperature measurement system is used for measuring the temperature of an aircraft engine or a ground gas turbine temperature in the working state. Compared with the prior art, the measurement temperature can be high up to 500-1200 DEG C and the temperature accuracy is high. Through changing the shape of the temperature measurement probe, the temperature measurement probe can be applied to the temperature measurement under different environments. Meanwhile, the temperature field is not affected. The advantages of high temperature accuracy and wide application range are realized.