The invention discloses a shock wave excitation apparatus capable of realizing excitation of a MEMS microstructure in a vacuum environment. The shock wave excitation apparatus comprises a substrate; a hand-operated triaxial displacement bench and a support are arranged on the substrate; a needle electrode unit pointing to a microstructure unit is arranged on a Z-axis slide carriage of the hand-operated triaxial displacement bench; the microstructure unit comprises an installation sleeve; an elastic pedestal is arranged on one end in an installation hole of the installation sleeve via press mounting; the elastic pedestal is in the shape of a circular ring slice and an annular boss is arranged at the central part of the elastic pedestal; a plate electrode is inlaid in the elastic pedestal via an insulation sleeve; the MEMS microstructure is mounted on the inner side of the elastic pedestal; an optical glass plate is arranged in on the other end in the installation hole via press mounting; the outer wall of the installation sleeve is provided with a vacuum joint along a radial direction; the needle electrode and the plate electrode are electrically connected with two poles of a high-voltage capacitor respectively; and the two poles of the high-voltage capacitor are electrically connected with the positive and negative electrodes of a high-voltage supply respectively. The shock wave excitation apparatus is firm in structure installation, simple and safe to operate and convenient for testing of the dynamic behavior parameters of the microstructure in the vacuum environment.