The invention discloses a mine TBM dust removal system and method. An onboard air suction pipeline is arranged in the length direction of a main machine of a mine TBM, a dust removal fan is arranged on the main machine of the mine TBM, the front end of the dust removal fan is connected with the onboard air suction pipeline, and the rear end of the dust removal fan is connected with an onboard air exhausting pipeline; air supply fans are connected with an air supply duct, a first air supply port and a second air supply port are formed in the air supply duct, draft regulators are arranged at the first air supply port and the second air supply port respectively, the first air supply port is located behind the dust removal fan, the second air supply port is connected with the onboard air supply pipeline, and an outlet of the onboard air supply pipeline is located at the position lower than or equal to 10 m of the working surface of the mine TBM. The structure is simple, the system and method are convenient to achieve, the working surface returns air currents, and the value of an F2 dust detection probe is 1.5-2 mg/m<3>. The working environment of workers is effectively improved, and a strong guarantee is provided for safe and sustainable development of a mine well.