The present invention provides a connection piece identification method based on a structured light three-dimensional measurement system. The method comprises: establishing a structured light three-dimensional measurement system; shooting a connection piece set including different types of connection pieces to obtain an original connection piece set images so as to obtain the texture information of the original connection piece set images, wherein the texture information is the two-dimensional information of pixel points; and obtaining the three-dimensional cloud points of the connection piece set based on the N-step phase shift method measurement principle, wherein the three-dimensional cloud points is the three-dimensional information of the pixel points. Therefore, a corresponding relation from the two-dimensional information to the three-dimensional informationis established, the outline of each type of connection piece in the connection piece set is extracted according to the texture information of the original connection piece set images, the three-dimensional point cloud of the connection pieces and the corresponding relation therebetween, and it is determined whether the outline of each type of connection piece in the connection piece set accords with the outline of the type of standard connection piece or not. Therefore the identification of the connection piece is completed, the identification efficiency of the connection identification method is high and the identification result is reliable.