The invention discloses a high precision five-freedom degree position and pose adjusting mechanism used for a space environment test. The high precision five-freedom degree position and pose adjusting mechanism comprises a test piece installation platform, an elevating mechanism, a pitching mechanism, a rolling mechanism, a yawing mechanism, and a translation mechanism. The two ends of the test piece installation platform used for carrying test pieces are fixedly hung on the elevating mechanism, and can be moved upwards and downwards along with the elevating mechanism. The elevating mechanism is fixedly disposed on the pitching mechanism, and the pitching mechanism and the rolling mechanism have the same structure, and the pitching mechanism is fixedly disposed on the rolling mechanism in a supported manner. The rolling mechanism is fixedly disposed on the yawing mechanism, and the yawing mechanism is fixedly disposed on the translation mechanism, which is disposed on a guide rail sliding block, and is slidably disposed on a linear guide rail together with the guide rail sliding block. By adopting the elevating mechanism and the translation mechanism, two moving freedom degrees are realized, and by adopting the pitching mechanism, the rolling mechanism, and the yawing mechanism, three rotating freedom degrees are realized.