The invention discloses a nuclear power station spent fuel pool multistage long-distance passive heat pipe cooling system which comprises a heat initial guiding-out link and at least one heat final guiding-out link in sequential arrangement. Each of the heat initial guiding-out link and a heat final guiding-out links comprises a pool containing cooling water, a spent fuel component is arranged in the pool of the heat initial guiding-out link, and the heat initial guiding-out link transmits heat of spent fuel to the heat final guiding-out links through a heat transfer device and then releases heat outwards. Long-time, long-distance, efficient and passive guiding out of decay heat of the spent fuel is realized on the basis of split heat pipe management and antigravity heat pipe management and by taking seawater and the like as final heat trap, risk of cooling loss of the pools of the spent fuel under accident working condition is avoided, safety of the spent fuel component is protected, and safety of a nuclear power station is further protected.