The invention discloses a self-adaptive emergency control system and method for the overload of power system device which belongs to the power system security and stability control field. According to the invention, a self-adaptive emergency control system for the overload of power system device is proposed which is structured by a scheduling end central station and a factory station end control station. The scheduling end central station is responsible for calculating the sensitivity of the active power of a controllable device under a normal state or a predicted state to the active power of a monitored device and delivering the mode words representing different running states and the corresponding sensitivity information to the factory station end control station. The factory station end control station is responsible for taking emergency control steps under the principle of controlling the cost to the minimum through the search of the corresponding sensitivity information according to the real time mode words and in combination with the controllable amount of the controllable device and the control cost for the active power per unit. With the system and method, the fault does not have to be re-initiated; the urgent modulation of DC power, transfer load, emergency control of new energy power plant active power, cutting motor and load shedding measures are considered, allowing the system and method to be widely applied.