The invention relates to a polyurethane shoe material capable of demoulding quickly at room temperature, and a preparation method of the polyurethane shoe material, and belongs to the technical field of polyurethane application. The polyurethane shoe material adopts a double-component system, wherein a polymer component is prepared by mixing a chain extender triethanolamine, 2-functionality-degree and 3-functionality-degree polyether polyol and anti-yellowing agent, and an environment-friendly catalyst ; a prepolymer component is prepared by performing a reaction on MDI (methylene diphenyl diisocyanate) modified by methylene diphenyl diisocyanate and carbodiimide, polyether polyol and a plasticizer. The two components are quickly mixed to obtain a polyurethane elastomer. The polyurethane shoe material is mainly applied to manufacturing of environment-friendly high-toughness transparent low-hardness products which requires room-temperature operation and can demould quickly at room temperature and is chiefly used for manufacturing shoe-pad and the like.