The invention discloses an image compression and reconstruction method based on LCTF (liquid crystal tunable filter) hyperspectral imaging system; the method prevents the precision of a reconstructed image from being affected by nonlinear dispersion of the original CASSI (coded aperture snapshot spectral imaging) system, the problem that coded aperture is unmatched with pixel size of a detector is solved by means of calculating synthetic aperture size, and spatial resolution of the constructed image is improved. The minimum pixel size of the hyperspectral imaging system is the pixel size of the detector; a target spectral image sequence is acquired through the LCTF hyperspectral imaging system; shift is manually added to each single image in the target spectral image sequence, and the shifted image sequences are superposed in order to obtain a mixed image. The use of the method according to the invention is equivalent to linear dispersion, the correspondence between coded aperture pixel and detector pixel can be analyzed, and the precision of a reconstructed mage can be improved.