This invention relates to a microsecond infrared real-time temperature measuring system, and belongs to the field of high-speed temperature measuring of engineering materials and components. The system is composed of a high-speed impact system, an optical enhancement system, a detector system, an acquisition system and the like. The system is mainly used for acquiring surface temperature signals of materials and structures under high-speed impact loads and analyzing the damage evolution process of the materials and the structures, and is also used for tracking near infrared targets. The system aims at overcoming the defects of foreign microsecond infrared real-time temperature measuring systems and improving the domestic high-speed infrared shooting technology. The system has the advantages of compact structure, convenient adjustment, high precision and the like, and can achieve acquisition of infrared temperature signals.