The invention discloses a graphene atomic oxygen detection structure. The graphene atomic oxygen detection structure is obtained by preparing graphene powder into a thin film material, then plating the two ends of a thin film with electrodes, and connecting the two ends to an external measuring circuit. The invention further discloses a preparation method of the graphene atomic oxygen detection structure. Compared with the conventional resistive atomic oxygen detection technology, the preparation method provided by the invention has the characteristics of simple preparation process, long in-orbit working time and the like. The preparation method can be applied to detection of spatial atomic oxygen with a long in-orbit time (more than five years).