The invention provides a method and device for public key verification. The method comprises a step of obtaining a private key d, a public key e to be verified, and random numbers m and r, wherein 1 < m < N, and N is a module, a step of obtaining a first index alpha according to the random number r, the private key d, and the public key e to be verified, wherein the first index alpha is an mathematical expression comprising the random number r, the private key d, and the public key e to be verified, a step of carrying out operation on m alpha to obtain a first value y, and a step of judging whether the public key e to be verified is a correct public key according to the first value y. By applying the method, the security of equipment with the application of a public key encryption algorithm can be improved.