The invention provides a construction method of a microorganism electrochemical system anode biological membrane and belongs to the technical field of construction methods of anode biological membranes. The construction method comprises the following steps: directionally expanding culture on electrochemical active bacteria, collecting a microorganism sample on an anode in a bio-electrochemical reactor running steadily as an inoculation bacterium source, inoculating into a culture medium, introducing nitrogen for creating an anaerobic environment, then sealing, and culturing on a shaking table under anaerobic condition; mixing and fixing conducting particles with electrochemical active bacteria, preparing conducting particle solution, carrying out ultrasonic dispersion, then sucking a certain amount of conducting particle solution into electrochemical active bacteria solution, shaking and standing; and carrying out a filtration fixation process on the surface of an anode by a composite structure biological film. The construction method provided by the invention has the advantages that starting time and starting cycle of a biological electrochemical system are successfully shortened by constructing a composite biological film of conducting particles, electricity generation performance is greatly improved, and coulombic efficiency of the whole biological electrochemical system is also improved.