The invention discloses a self-locking shearing laminated rubber steel plate rod type axial seismic mitigation and absorption device. The device comprises lug plates, axial steel bars, a steel sleeve, tension-resistant laminated rubber steel plates and compression-resistant laminated rubber steel plates. The axial steel bars are arranged at two ends of the steel sleeve respectively, the outer end of each axial steel bar is fixedly connected with the corresponding lug plate, the tension-resistant and compression-resistant laminated rubber steel plates identical in structure sleeve an inner bar body, and the tension-resistant and compression-resistant laminated rubber steel plates are formed by alternate adhesion of tubular steel plate layers and tubular rubber plate layer. Each axial steel bar is provided with a variable-diameter portion, and pipe bodies in the tubular steel plate layers and the tubular rubber plate layers are variable-diameter pipe bodies matched with the variable-diameter portions. The problem of axial seismic mitigation and absorption of buildings, cultural relics and equipment is solved, and seismic mitigation and absorption is provided for structures, equipment or museum cultural relics requiring axial seismic mitigation and absorption to guarantee safety under vibrating load or seismic load action.