The invention relates to an initiative self-checking device and method for wind turbine blade damage. The device comprises a plurality of frequency sweep excitation piezoelectric ceramic pieces, a plurality of signal measurement piezoelectric ceramic pieces, a wired/wireless signal receiving and transmitting module and a data processing module. The frequency sweep excitation piezoelectric ceramic pieces are arranged in a wind turbine blade; each frequency sweep excitation piezoelectric ceramic piece passes through an A/D (Analogue/Digital) conversion module so as to be connected with a signal cable; the signal measurement piezoelectric ceramic pieces are arranged in the wind turbine blade; the quantity of the signal measurement piezoelectric ceramic pieces corresponds to the quantity of the frequency sweep excitation piezoelectric ceramic pieces; each of the signal measurement piezoelectric ceramic pieces and the adjacent frequency sweep excitation piezoelectric ceramic piece are used in pairs, and are connected with a voltage amplification module, the A/D conversion module and a wireless transmission module; the wireless transmission module can be replaced with the signal cable; the wired/wireless signal receiving and transmitting module is arranged in a hub, and is connected with the signal cable or receives a signal output by the wireless transmission module; the data processing module is connected with the wired/wireless signal receiving and transmitting module, and is connected to a data bus of a cabin so as to transmit onto a monitored central control system/computer. The invention also discloses an initiative self-checking method. An unmanned self-checking process of blade damage can be accomplished no matter whether the wind turbine blade is operated or not.